GTA V's money can be either earned in-game, or purchased with real-world money at a rate of $500,000 in GTA currency for $10 USD. The BBC reports that the casino's chips can be purchased with in-game currency at a $1 to 1 chip ratio. Grand Theft Auto V's latest update, The Diamond Casino & Resort, adds the titular casino to its fictional Los Santos, but lets players use real money to play its games.
has reached out to Rockstar for clarification.
Update July 25, 2019: Some players have reported indicate that in certain regions, currency purchased with real money cannot be used in the casino, however, this may not be true across all regions.